The world economy has undergone significant changes in the last two centuries, moving from an agricultural system to an industrial system. Most of the changes in the last four decades have been due to the evolution of service-based economies. The growth of more developed economies around the world has been in the direction of economies where the majority of services are.

The purpose of this study is to examine financing with a focus on optimizing working capital with structural equations. The statistical population of the present study consists of all the financial managers and senior managers of the dairy industry sector of Golestan province. The sample size of the research was considered to be 73 people, and the questionnaire was distributed among them. And for this purpose, nine hypotheses were formed, which were analyzed using pls. The results of the data analysis showed that investment factors have an effect on business factors. Facilitation factors do not affect business factors. Production factors do not affect commercial factors. Economic factors affect commercial factors. Performance has an impact on business factors. Business factors affect market factors. Business factors affect organizational factors. Investment factors influence market factors through commercial factors and investment factors influence organizational factors through commercial factors.

The purpose of this research is to provide a model for measuring financial literacy in the capital market of Iran. The statistical population of this research, including the qualitative part, the intended statistical population is made up of experts, and 17 people were interviewed in a targeted manner. Also, in the quantitative part of the statistical community, there are managers, analysts and financial traders of the stock exchange in Tehran province, which was determined by the simple random method and the Cochran formula, with a sample size of 280 people. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Validity was confirmed by using the content method and reliability with Cronbach's alpha. In the qualitative part, the dimensions of the model were identified by using the foundation data approach. In the quantitative part, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations were used to quantify the model and rank the standards. Lisrel software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the dimensions of the model include demographic components, economic skills, social components, educational components, investment management, basic financial knowledge, advanced financial knowledge, psychological components, technological, and cultural components, government laws, economic components, financial behavior, financial attitude, organizational learning, financial skill, financial management and financial results. The results of the research hypothesis test show the confirmation of the mentioned model.

Improving the level of usefulness of financial reporting of companies plays an important role in the decision-making of users of financial reports. One of the ways to improve the usefulness of financial reporting is to pay attention to the factors affecting it. In current research, the researcher seeks to present the usefulness of consolidated financial reporting using structural equations. The current research is descriptive-correlational in the field of applied research. The tool used in this research is a researcher-made questionnaire with 48 items. A sample of 125 people was selected from the auditor community, members of the Iranian Certified Accountant Society. In line with the aim of the research, the influencing factors on the usefulness of consolidated financial reporting were identified and tested. Research hypotheses have been analyzed using PLS and SPSS software. The results show that the factors of companies' behavior, legal barriers, financial dimensions, industry and business, capital market rules, corporate governance, auditor's knowledge and training, special standards, accounting demand, synergy, economic conditions, environmental conditions, intrinsic and executive limitations have a positive and significant effect on the usefulness of consolidated financial reporting.

Like many other innovations, genetically modified food products have received widespread pros and cons both within public community and scientific community. The technology expansions entails right public understanding of its benefits as well as reduction of phobia of its risks. This research aims to develop a model for evaluating public attitude towards GM food products. To this end structural equation modeling with PLS technique is used. The population include Tehran citizens and the sample consists of 830 citizens. Findings indicate that aptitude towards GMFP are affected by factors of perceived risks and benefits. These two factors are subsequently affected by three other major factors of general attitudes towards science and technology, awareness of GMP and trust. The general attitude towards GMF is positive, where men and single people have higher positive attitude towards GMF in comparison with women and married ones. The media includes three major channels of TV, internet websites and social networks; thus, it is recommended that policy makers take advantage of these media more efficiently and extensively in order to shape the public opinion and attitude towards GMFs.

Social apathy refers to avoidance from participation in social problems, discouragement and disinterest, civic disinvolvement and being inattentive to social, political, cultural subjects and social alienation happens when the individuals in relation to self, others and society at diverse forms feel powerless, abnormal, meaningless, socially isolated or hate the culture or themselves. The main purpose of this research is to study the relationship between social alienation and social apathy among undergraduate students of University of Tabriz.The data was collected using questionnaires which were distributed among 410 participants in 8 faculties of university according to classified sampling method and statistical sample. Theoretical background of the study was formed from a combination of micro and macro views and the main focus was put on middle-term theories such those proposed by Pounds, Ross, and Seeman. The interpretation of the results obtained from LISREL and the results of hypothesis testing showed that there are significant relations among social alienation and social apathy.

In current changing world, the educational institutions, like other organizations, should learn and use this learning for improving their work process and performance. This study analyzed the role of contextual components (shared vision, system thinking, learning organizational culture, flexible structure, personal mastery and professional development and transformational leadership) and process component (educational organizational learning) in promoting agricultural faculties’ performance (performance component) to become learning organizations. Research method was correlation using survey method. The population consisted of all full- time faculty members of public Agricultural Faculties affiliated to the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT). Using the Krejcie and Morgan table and multi-stage stratified sampling with proportionate attribution, 329 faculty members were selected as a sample.Questionnaire was the main tool for data collection, which was validated by a panel of experts and the reliability was gained through a pilot study with Cronach’s Alpha coefficient between 0.79 to 0.95. structural Equation Modeling (SEM), maximum likelihood method, and Lisrel 8.50 software used for analyzing data. Research findings indicated that four contextual components (shared vision, learning organizational culture, flexible structure and transformational leadership) and process component were significantly correlated. These components could explain 90 percent of the process component variance. Furthermore, the process component and performance component were strongly related and the process component could explain 42 percent of the performance component variance.

In recent years, the use of structural equation modeling is widespread in tourism studies. However, when using this method, there are challenges that need to be identified and resolved. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the challenging and problematic areas of using SEM in tourism research in Iran. This study has been done Based on a systematic review through secondary data analysis. The statistical population of this research is the Persian-language articles published in the internal scientific-research tourism journals (approved by the Ministry of Science) from the beginning of the publication of the quarterly papers by the end of 1396. Sampling method was a purposeful process and after that, the sample size was determined 116 papers. Data analysis was performed based on two approaches by using SPSS25 software. First Approach: Descriptive Analysis of Articles and Second Approach: Analysis of the Challenges of Using the SEM Method. Results show that Lack of checking the required sample size, Failure to test the normal distribution of data, Lack of attention and a complete report of the effect analysis and effect size of R2 and As well as selective and arbitrary reporting of fit indices are among the most important challenges and mistakes of Iranian researchers in using SEM in tourism research. Scientific advice is provided to overcome these challenges.

Oil contracts are supposed to facilitate knowledge transfer from foreign investors to the host country staff improving local knowledge and managerial skills. This paper aims at examining knowledge management in Iran's oil buy-back contracts using structural equations modeling. According to Probst et al. (1998) knowledge management is a multi-dimensional phenomenon including knowledge targets, identification, acquisition, development, allocation, deployment, preservation and measurement of knowledge. Based on the two questionnaires relating to KM in Probst model and practice of KM in Iran oil industry, data gathered from experts of National Iranian Oil Company have been used to evaluate the knowledge management implications of buy-back contracts through structural equations modelling approach. According to the results buy-back contracts have no effect on the existing knowledge management situation in the oil industry. All of KM dimensions should be taken into account in buy-back contracts to improve the KM status in the oil industry.